Перевод: со всех языков на все языки

со всех языков на все языки

manufacture of invention

  • 1 manufacture of invention

    Универсальный англо-русский словарь > manufacture of invention

  • 2 manufacture of invention

    Patent terms dictionary > manufacture of invention

  • 3 actual manufacture of invention

    Универсальный англо-русский словарь > actual manufacture of invention

  • 4 actual manufacture of invention

    Patent terms dictionary > actual manufacture of invention

  • 5 manufacture

    2) изделие, продукт ( патентоспособный объект)
    3) Брит. производство (в патентном законодательстве это понятие включает не только изготовление изделия, но и любой способ его сохранения, улучшения или восстановления)
    •
    - manufacture of invention
    - actual manufacture of invention
    - patented manufacture
    * * *
    брит. производство (в патентном законодательстве Великобритании это понятие включает пе толькс изготовление изделия, но и любой способ его сохранения улучшения пли восстановления)

    Patent terms dictionary > manufacture

  • 6 invention

    сущ.
    1) общ. открытие, изобретение (установление неизвестных ранее объективно существующих закономерностей или явлений окружающего мира, а также способов организации материи или человеческой деятельности для получения какого-л. практического результата)
    Syn:
    See:
    2) пат. изобретение (новое техническое решение задачи, поднимающее существующий уровень техники)
    See:

    Англо-русский экономический словарь > invention

  • 7 изготовление предмета изобретения

    Русско-английский словарь по патентам и товарным знакам > изготовление предмета изобретения

  • 8 изготовление предмета изобретения

    Универсальный русско-английский словарь > изготовление предмета изобретения

  • 9 фактическое изготовление предмета изобретения

    Универсальный русско-английский словарь > фактическое изготовление предмета изобретения

  • 10 Colt, Samuel

    SUBJECT AREA: Weapons and armour
    [br]
    b. 19 July 1814 Hartford, Connecticut, USA
    d. 10 January 1862 Hartford, Connecticut, USA
    [br]
    American inventor of the revolver.
    [br]
    The son of a textile manufacturer, as a youth Colt displayed an interest in chemistry, largely through bleaching and dyeing processes used in his father's business, and lectured to lay audiences on it. In 1832 he took ship as a deckhand on a voyage to India; the concept of the revolver is supposed to have come to him from watching the ship's wheel.
    Upon his return to the USA he described the idea to the US Patent Office, but did not register it until four years later, having taken out patents in Britain and France during a visit to Europe in 1835. He formed a company to manufacture his invention, but it failed in 1842. Even so, note had been taken of his weapon, and in 1846, upon the outbreak of the war with Mexico, the US Government placed an order for his revolver that was executed by the Eli Whitney arms factory in his native Hartford. Thereafter Colt set up another company, this time successfully. He also took an interest in other fields, experimenting with a submarine battery and electrically detonated mines, and opened a submarine telegraph between New York and Coney Island in 1843.
    CM

    Biographical history of technology > Colt, Samuel

  • 11 fabbricazione

    "manufacture, fabrication;
    Fertigung;
    confecção"
    * * *
    f manufacturing
    architecture building
    * * *
    1 ( produzione) manufacture, making, make: fabbricazione all'ingrosso, wholesale manufacture; fabbricazione della carta, paper making; fabbricazione nazionale, home manufacture; fabbricazione in serie, mass (o large-scale) production; la fabbricazione di questa stoffa è molto costosa, this cloth is very expensive to make (o to manufacture); scarpe di fabbricazione italiana, shoes of Italian make; questi articoli sono di fabbricazione inglese, these articles are made (o manufactured) in England; di nostra fabbricazione, of our own make; costi di fabbricazione, factory costs; difetto di fabbricazione, manufacturing defect // (trib.) imposta di fabbricazione, excise tax
    2 ( costruzione) building construction
    3 ( invenzione) invention
    4 ( falsificazione) forgery.
    * * *
    [fabbrikat'tsjone]
    sostantivo femminile
    1) (atto) making, manufacturing, production; (effetto) make, manufacture

    di fabbricazione italiana — made in Italy, Italian-made

    difetto di fabbricazione — manufacturing defect, design fault

    2) (edificazione) building, construction
    * * *
    fabbricazione
    /fabbrikat'tsjone/
    sostantivo f.
     1 (atto) making, manufacturing, production; (effetto) make, manufacture; di fabbricazione italiana made in Italy, Italian-made; difetto di fabbricazione manufacturing defect, design fault
     2 (edificazione) building, construction.

    Dizionario Italiano-Inglese > fabbricazione

  • 12 Macintosh, Charles

    [br]
    b. 29 December 1766 Glasgow, Scotland
    d. 25 July 1843 Dunchattan, near Glasgow, Scotland
    [br]
    Scottish inventor of rubberized waterproof clothing.
    [br]
    As the son of the well-known and inventive dyer George Macintosh, Charles had an early interest in chemistry. At the age of 19 he gave up his work as a clerk with a Glasgow merchant to manufacture sal ammoniac (ammonium chloride) and developed new processes in dyeing. In 1797 he started the first Scottish alum works, finding the alum in waste shale from coal mines. His first works was at Hurlet, Renfrewshire, and was followed later by others. He then formed a partnership with Charles Tennant, the proprietor of a chemical works at St Rollox, near Glasgow, and sold "lime bleaching liquor" made with chlorine and milk of lime from their bleach works at Darnley. A year later the use of dry lime to make bleaching powder, a process worked out by Macintosh, was patented. Macintosh remained associated with Tennant's St Rollox chemical works until 1814. During this time, in 1809, he had set up a yeast factory, but it failed because of opposition from the London brewers.
    There was a steady demand for the ammonia that gas works produced, but the tar was often looked upon as an inconvenient waste product. Macintosh bought all the ammonia and tar that the Glasgow works produced, using the ammonia in his establishment to produce cudbear, a dyestuff extracted from various lichens. Cudbear could be used with appropriate mordants to make shades from pink to blue. The tar could be distilled to produce naphtha, which was used as a flare. Macintosh also became interested in ironmaking. In 1825 he took out a patent for converting malleable iron into steel by taking it to white heat in a current of gas with a carbon content, such as coal gas. However, the process was not commercially successful because of the difficulty keeping the furnace gas-tight. In 1828 he assisted J.B. Neilson in bringing hot blast into use in blast furnaces; Neilson assigned Macintosh a share in the patent, which was of dubious benefit as it involved him in the tortuous litigation that surrounded the patent until 1843.
    In June 1823, as a result of experiments into the possible uses of naphtha obtained as a by-product of the distillation of coal tar, Macintosh patented his process for waterproofing fabric. This comprised dissolving rubber in naphtha and applying the solution to two pieces of cloth which were afterwards pressed together to form an impermeable compound fabric. After an experimental period in Glasgow, Macintosh commenced manufacture in Manchester, where he formed a partnership with H.H.Birley, B.Kirk and R.W.Barton. Birley was a cotton spinner and weaver and was looking for ways to extend the output of his cloth. He was amongst the first to light his mills with gas, so he shared a common interest with Macintosh.
    New buildings were erected for the production of waterproof cloth in 1824–5, but there were considerable teething troubles with the process, particularly in the spreading of the rubber solution onto the cloth. Peter Ewart helped to install the machinery, including a steam engine supplied by Boulton \& Watt, and the naphtha was supplied from Macintosh's works in Glasgow. It seems that the process was still giving difficulties when Thomas Hancock, the foremost rubber technologist of that time, became involved in 1830 and was made a partner in 1834. By 1836 the waterproof coat was being called a "mackintosh" [sic] and was gaining such popularity that the Manchester business was expanded with additional premises. Macintosh's business was gradually enlarged to include many other kinds of indiarubber products, such as rubber shoes and cushions.
    [br]
    Principal Honours and Distinctions
    FRS 1823.
    Further Reading
    G.Macintosh, 1847, Memoir of Charles Macintosh, London (the fullest account of Charles Macintosh's life).
    H.Schurer, 1953, "The macintosh: the paternity of an invention", Transactions of the Newcomen Society 28:77–87 (an account of the invention of the mackintosh).
    RLH / LRD

    Biographical history of technology > Macintosh, Charles

  • 13 herstellen

    herstellen v 1. GEN make, establish, build up, create (Kontakt, Beziehung); 2. IND make, fabricate, manufacture, produce (Produkt)
    * * *
    v 1. < Geschäft> Kontakt, Beziehung make, establish, build up, create; 2. < Ind> Produkt make, fabricate, manufacture, produce
    * * *
    herstellen
    to make, to fabricate, to manufacture, to produce, to turn (put) out;
    • Beziehungen herstellen to establish relations;
    • Erfindungsgegenstand herstellen to produce an invention;
    • in der Hauptsache für den Export herstellen to produce mainly for export;
    • fabrikmäßig herstellen to manufacture, (Hausteile) to prefabricate;
    • Gebäude wieder herstellen to restore a ruined building;
    • Geschäftsbeziehungen zu jem. herstellen to establish business relations with s. o.;
    • wirtschaftliches Gleichgewicht herstellen to establish an economic balance;
    • Kontakt mit jem. herstellen to establish contact with s. o.;
    • künstlich herstellen to synthesize;
    • lagermäßig herstellen to make for stock;
    • maschinell herstellen to machine;
    • als Massenartikel herstellen to mass-produce;
    • in der Minute 100 Stück herstellen to turn out a hundred a minute;
    • Produkte maschinenmäßig herstellen to produce goods by machinery;
    • serienmäßig herstellen to serialize;
    • Verbindung mit jem. herstellen to make contact with s. o.;
    • Waren herstellen to turn goods;
    • Waren verschiedenster Beschaffenheit (Qualität) herstellen to manufacture goods in various qualities;
    • Waren ohne außerbetriebliche Kräfte herstellen to manufacture articles without exterior help;
    • zusammen herstellen to co-produce;
    • Produktionsaufträge in einem fremden Werk herstellen lassen to hive off production.

    Business german-english dictionary > herstellen

  • 14 home

    1. сущ.
    1)
    а) общ. дом, жилище
    Syn:
    See:
    б) общ. логово, нора, гнездо (место, где живет какое-л. животное)
    2) общ. родной дом, родина
    Syn:
    2. прил.
    1)
    а) общ. домашний; бытовой

    home service agent — агент, обслуживающий на дому

    Syn:
    See:
    See:
    в) общ. приусадебный (расположенный рядом с домом, жилищем)
    See:
    г) общ. главный, основной

    home office — головной офис, штаб-квартира

    See:
    д) общ. исходный (о возвращении в первоначальное положение или достижении указанного положения)
    2) эк. внутренний (напр., о рынке); отечественный
    Syn:
    Ant:
    See:
    * * *
    дом, жилище
    . . Словарь экономических терминов .

    Англо-русский экономический словарь > home

  • 15 fabrica

    făbrĭca, ae, f. [st1]1 [-] atelier, forge.    - fabrica armorum, Veg.: manufacture d'armes, armurerie.    - Mulciber, fabricā crudeli, Cic.: Vulcain, forgeron cruel. [st1]2 [-] travail (d'une matière), art (de travailler), métier.    - fabrica aeris, Cic.: la mise en oeuvre du cuivre.    - fabrica ferrea, Plin. 7: l'art de travailler le fer.    - natura effectum esse mundum, nihil opus fuisse fabrica, Cic.: (enseigner) que le monde s'est fait naturellement et qu'il n'a pas été nécessaire de recourir à un artisan. [st1]3 [-] arrangement, ordonnance; architecture.    - fabrica membrorum, Cic. Nat. 2: structure des membres.    - diligens naturae fabrica, Cic.: sage disposition prise par la nature.    - pictura et fabrica, Cic. Nat. 2: la peinture et l'architecture. [st1]4 [-] art, habileté; ruse, machination, invention, intrigue, artifice.    - fanum solerti fabrica structum, Apul.: sanctuaire construit avec un art consommé.    - quot admoenivi fabricas! quot fallacias! Plaut.: que de ruses j'ai imaginées! que de mensonges!
    * * *
    făbrĭca, ae, f. [st1]1 [-] atelier, forge.    - fabrica armorum, Veg.: manufacture d'armes, armurerie.    - Mulciber, fabricā crudeli, Cic.: Vulcain, forgeron cruel. [st1]2 [-] travail (d'une matière), art (de travailler), métier.    - fabrica aeris, Cic.: la mise en oeuvre du cuivre.    - fabrica ferrea, Plin. 7: l'art de travailler le fer.    - natura effectum esse mundum, nihil opus fuisse fabrica, Cic.: (enseigner) que le monde s'est fait naturellement et qu'il n'a pas été nécessaire de recourir à un artisan. [st1]3 [-] arrangement, ordonnance; architecture.    - fabrica membrorum, Cic. Nat. 2: structure des membres.    - diligens naturae fabrica, Cic.: sage disposition prise par la nature.    - pictura et fabrica, Cic. Nat. 2: la peinture et l'architecture. [st1]4 [-] art, habileté; ruse, machination, invention, intrigue, artifice.    - fanum solerti fabrica structum, Apul.: sanctuaire construit avec un art consommé.    - quot admoenivi fabricas! quot fallacias! Plaut.: que de ruses j'ai imaginées! que de mensonges!
    * * *
        Fabrica, huius fabricae, pen. corr. Un ouvroir de charpentier.
    \
        Fabrica ferrea. Plin. Une forge.
    \
        Fabrica, Machination et tromperie.
    \
        Fabricam apparare. Plaut. Apprester une finesse.
    \
        Fabrica. Cic. L'art de forger ou charpenter.
    \
        Fabrica. Cic. Bastimens et assemblemens de choses ensemble, Composition.

    Dictionarium latinogallicum > fabrica

  • 16 fabrication

    изготовление имя существительное:
    измышление (invention, fabrication, excogitation)
    фальшивка (fake, fabrication, flam, stumer)

    Англо-русский синонимический словарь > fabrication

  • 17 Cotton, William

    SUBJECT AREA: Textiles
    [br]
    b. 1819 Seagrave, Leicestershire, England
    d. after 1878
    [br]
    English inventor of a power-driven flat-bed knitting machine.
    [br]
    Cotton was originally employed in Loughborough and became one of the first specialized hosiery-machine builders. After the introduction of the latch needle by Matthew Townsend in 1856, knitting frames developed rapidly. The circular frame was easier to work automatically, but attempts to apply power to the flat frame, which could produce fully fashioned work, culminated in 1863 with William Cotton's machine. In that year he invented a machine that could make a dozen or more stockings or hose simultaneously and knit fashioned garments of all kinds. The difficulty was to reduce automatically the number of stitches in the courses where the hose or garment narrowed to give it shape. Cotton had early opportunities to apply himself to the improvement of hosiery machines while employed in the patent shop of Cartwright \& Warner of Loughborough, where some of the first rotaries were made. He remained with the firm for twenty years, during which time sixty or seventy of these machines were turned out. Cotton then established a factory for the manufacture of warp fabrics, and it was here that he began to work on his ideas. He had no knowledge of the principles of engineering or drawing, so his method of making sketches and then getting his ideas roughed out involved much useless labour. After twelve years, in 1863, a patent was issued for the machine that became the basis of the Cotton's Patent type. This was a flat frame driven by rotary mechanism and remarkable for its adaptability. At first he built his machine upright, like a cottage piano, but after much thought and experimentation he conceived the idea of turning the upper part down flat so that the needles were in a vertical position instead of being horizontal, and the work was carried off horizontally instead of vertically. His first machine produced four identical pieces simultaneously, but this number was soon increased. Cotton was induced by the success of his invention to begin machine building as a separate business and thus established one of the first of a class of engineering firms that sprung up as an adjunct to the new hosiery manufacture. He employed only a dozen men and turned out six machines in the first year, entering into an agreement with Hine \& Mundella for their exclusive use. This was later extended to the firm of I. \& R.Morley. In 1878, Cotton began to build on his own account, and the business steadily increased until it employed some 200 workers and had an output of 100 machines a year.
    [br]
    Bibliography
    1863, British patent no. 1,901 (flat-frame knitting machine).
    Further Reading
    F.A.Wells, 1935, The British Hosiery and Knitwear Industry: Its History and Organisation, London (based on an article in the Knitters' Circular (Feb. 1898).
    A brief account of the background to Cotton's invention can be found in T.K.Derry and T.I. Williams, 1960, A Short History of Technology from the Earliest Times to AD 1900, Oxford; C. Singer (ed.), 1958, A History of Technology, Vol. V, Oxford: Clarendon Press.
    F.Moy Thomas, 1900, I. \& R.Morley. A Record of a Hundred Years, London (mentions cotton's first machines).
    RLH

    Biographical history of technology > Cotton, William

  • 18 Edison, Thomas Alva

    [br]
    b. 11 February 1847 Milan, Ohio, USA
    d. 18 October 1931 Glenmont
    [br]
    American inventor and pioneer electrical developer.
    [br]
    He was the son of Samuel Edison, who was in the timber business. His schooling was delayed due to scarlet fever until 1855, when he was 8½ years old, but he was an avid reader. By the age of 14 he had a job as a newsboy on the railway from Port Huron to Detroit, a distance of sixty-three miles (101 km). He worked a fourteen-hour day with a stopover of five hours, which he spent in the Detroit Free Library. He also sold sweets on the train and, later, fruit and vegetables, and was soon making a profit of $20 a week. He then started two stores in Port Huron and used a spare freight car as a laboratory. He added a hand-printing press to produce 400 copies weekly of The Grand Trunk Herald, most of which he compiled and edited himself. He set himself to learn telegraphy from the station agent at Mount Clements, whose son he had saved from being run over by a freight car.
    At the age of 16 he became a telegraphist at Port Huron. In 1863 he became railway telegraphist at the busy Stratford Junction of the Grand Trunk Railroad, arranging a clock with a notched wheel to give the hourly signal which was to prove that he was awake and at his post! He left hurriedly after failing to hold a train which was nearly involved in a head-on collision. He usually worked the night shift, allowing himself time for experiments during the day. His first invention was an arrangement of two Morse registers so that a high-speed input could be decoded at a slower speed. Moving from place to place he held many positions as a telegraphist. In Boston he invented an automatic vote recorder for Congress and patented it, but the idea was rejected. This was the first of a total of 1180 patents that he was to take out during his lifetime. After six years he resigned from the Western Union Company to devote all his time to invention, his next idea being an improved ticker-tape machine for stockbrokers. He developed a duplex telegraphy system, but this was turned down by the Western Union Company. He then moved to New York.
    Edison found accommodation in the battery room of Law's Gold Reporting Company, sleeping in the cellar, and there his repair of a broken transmitter marked him as someone of special talents. His superior soon resigned, and he was promoted with a salary of $300 a month. Western Union paid him $40,000 for the sole rights on future improvements on the duplex telegraph, and he moved to Ward Street, Newark, New Jersey, where he employed a gathering of specialist engineers. Within a year, he married one of his employees, Mary Stilwell, when she was only 16: a daughter, Marion, was born in 1872, and two sons, Thomas and William, in 1876 and 1879, respectively.
    He continued to work on the automatic telegraph, a device to send out messages faster than they could be tapped out by hand: that is, over fifty words per minute or so. An earlier machine by Alexander Bain worked at up to 400 words per minute, but was not good over long distances. Edison agreed to work on improving this feature of Bain's machine for the Automatic Telegraph Company (ATC) for $40,000. He improved it to a working speed of 500 words per minute and ran a test between Washington and New York. Hoping to sell their equipment to the Post Office in Britain, ATC sent Edison to England in 1873 to negotiate. A 500-word message was to be sent from Liverpool to London every half-hour for six hours, followed by tests on 2,200 miles (3,540 km) of cable at Greenwich. Only confused results were obtained due to induction in the cable, which lay coiled in a water tank. Edison returned to New York, where he worked on his quadruplex telegraph system, tests of which proved a success between New York and Albany in December 1874. Unfortunately, simultaneous negotiation with Western Union and ATC resulted in a lawsuit.
    Alexander Graham Bell was granted a patent for a telephone in March 1876 while Edison was still working on the same idea. His improvements allowed the device to operate over a distance of hundreds of miles instead of only a few miles. Tests were carried out over the 106 miles (170 km) between New York and Philadelphia. Edison applied for a patent on the carbon-button transmitter in April 1877, Western Union agreeing to pay him $6,000 a year for the seventeen-year duration of the patent. In these years he was also working on the development of the electric lamp and on a duplicating machine which would make up to 3,000 copies from a stencil. In 1876–7 he moved from Newark to Menlo Park, twenty-four miles (39 km) from New York on the Pennsylvania Railway, near Elizabeth. He had bought a house there around which he built the premises that would become his "inventions factory". It was there that he began the use of his 200- page pocket notebooks, each of which lasted him about two weeks, so prolific were his ideas. When he died he left 3,400 of them filled with notes and sketches.
    Late in 1877 he applied for a patent for a phonograph which was granted on 19 February 1878, and by the end of the year he had formed a company to manufacture this totally new product. At the time, Edison saw the device primarily as a business aid rather than for entertainment, rather as a dictating machine. In August 1878 he was granted a British patent. In July 1878 he tried to measure the heat from the solar corona at a solar eclipse viewed from Rawlins, Wyoming, but his "tasimeter" was too sensitive.
    Probably his greatest achievement was "The Subdivision of the Electric Light" or the "glow bulb". He tried many materials for the filament before settling on carbon. He gave a demonstration of electric light by lighting up Menlo Park and inviting the public. Edison was, of course, faced with the problem of inventing and producing all the ancillaries which go to make up the electrical system of generation and distribution-meters, fuses, insulation, switches, cabling—even generators had to be designed and built; everything was new. He started a number of manufacturing companies to produce the various components needed.
    In 1881 he built the world's largest generator, which weighed 27 tons, to light 1,200 lamps at the Paris Exhibition. It was later moved to England to be used in the world's first central power station with steam engine drive at Holborn Viaduct, London. In September 1882 he started up his Pearl Street Generating Station in New York, which led to a worldwide increase in the application of electric power, particularly for lighting. At the same time as these developments, he built a 1,300yd (1,190m) electric railway at Menlo Park.
    On 9 August 1884 his wife died of typhoid. Using his telegraphic skills, he proposed to 19-year-old Mina Miller in Morse code while in the company of others on a train. He married her in February 1885 before buying a new house and estate at West Orange, New Jersey, building a new laboratory not far away in the Orange Valley.
    Edison used direct current which was limited to around 250 volts. Alternating current was largely developed by George Westinghouse and Nicola Tesla, using transformers to step up the current to a higher voltage for long-distance transmission. The use of AC gradually overtook the Edison DC system.
    In autumn 1888 he patented a form of cinephotography, the kinetoscope, obtaining film-stock from George Eastman. In 1893 he set up the first film studio, which was pivoted so as to catch the sun, with a hinged roof which could be raised. In 1894 kinetoscope parlours with "peep shows" were starting up in cities all over America. Competition came from the Latham Brothers with a screen-projection machine, which Edison answered with his "Vitascope", shown in New York in 1896. This showed pictures with accompanying sound, but there was some difficulty with synchronization. Edison also experimented with captions at this early date.
    In 1880 he filed a patent for a magnetic ore separator, the first of nearly sixty. He bought up deposits of low-grade iron ore which had been developed in the north of New Jersey. The process was a commercial success until the discovery of iron-rich ore in Minnesota rendered it uneconomic and uncompetitive. In 1898 cement rock was discovered in New Village, west of West Orange. Edison bought the land and started cement manufacture, using kilns twice the normal length and using half as much fuel to heat them as the normal type of kiln. In 1893 he met Henry Ford, who was building his second car, at an Edison convention. This started him on the development of a battery for an electric car on which he made over 9,000 experiments. In 1903 he sold his patent for wireless telegraphy "for a song" to Guglielmo Marconi.
    In 1910 Edison designed a prefabricated concrete house. In December 1914 fire destroyed three-quarters of the West Orange plant, but it was at once rebuilt, and with the threat of war Edison started to set up his own plants for making all the chemicals that he had previously been buying from Europe, such as carbolic acid, phenol, benzol, aniline dyes, etc. He was appointed President of the Navy Consulting Board, for whom, he said, he made some forty-five inventions, "but they were pigeonholed, every one of them". Thus did Edison find that the Navy did not take kindly to civilian interference.
    In 1927 he started the Edison Botanic Research Company, founded with similar investment from Ford and Firestone with the object of finding a substitute for overseas-produced rubber. In the first year he tested no fewer than 3,327 possible plants, in the second year, over 1,400, eventually developing a variety of Golden Rod which grew to 14 ft (4.3 m) in height. However, all this effort and money was wasted, due to the discovery of synthetic rubber.
    In October 1929 he was present at Henry Ford's opening of his Dearborn Museum to celebrate the fiftieth anniversary of the incandescent lamp, including a replica of the Menlo Park laboratory. He was awarded the Congressional Gold Medal and was elected to the American Academy of Sciences. He died in 1931 at his home, Glenmont; throughout the USA, lights were dimmed temporarily on the day of his funeral.
    [br]
    Principal Honours and Distinctions
    Member of the American Academy of Sciences. Congressional Gold Medal.
    Further Reading
    M.Josephson, 1951, Edison, Eyre \& Spottiswode.
    R.W.Clark, 1977, Edison, the Man who Made the Future, Macdonald \& Jane.
    IMcN

    Biographical history of technology > Edison, Thomas Alva

  • 19 Knight, Margaret E.

    [br]
    b. 1838 Maine, USA
    d. 1914 USA
    [br]
    American inventor.
    [br]
    Little is known of Knight's childhood, except that she was probably educated to high school level. She made her first invention at the age of 12, after seeing a woman cotton-mill worker injured when a dislodged shuttle fell on her. Knight set herself to design a mechanism that would shut down the machine if the thread broke and caused a shuttle to fly out. The device was widely used by cotton and woollen mills. Between that and her first patent in 1870, little is known of her activities; but she then embarked on a career of invention, achieving over 90 of them, earning herself the title "the female Edison ". Perhaps her most notable invention was a machine for making paper bags with square or satchel bottoms, which proved to be of great benefit to shoppers until the advent of the plastic bag. It won her little financial reward, but a decoration from Queen Victoria. Her other two main inventions related to the manufacture of shoes and, around 1902, to a rotary automobile engine. She worked for various companies, assigning to them her patent rights, so that at her death her estate was valued at less than $300.
    [br]
    Further Reading
    A.Stanley, 1993, Mothers and Daughters of Invention, Meruchen, NJ: Scarecrow Press.
    LRD

    Biographical history of technology > Knight, Margaret E.

  • 20 Babbage, Charles

    [br]
    b. 26 December 1791 Walworth, Surrey, England
    d. 18 October 1871 London, England
    [br]
    English mathematician who invented the forerunner of the modern computer.
    [br]
    Charles Babbage was the son of a banker, Benjamin Babbage, and was a sickly child who had a rather haphazard education at private schools near Exeter and later at Enfield. Even as a child, he was inordinately fond of algebra, which he taught himself. He was conversant with several advanced mathematical texts, so by the time he entered Trinity College, Cambridge, in 1811, he was ahead of his tutors. In his third year he moved to Peterhouse, whence he graduated in 1814, taking his MA in 1817. He first contributed to the Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society in 1815, and was elected a fellow of that body in 1816. He was one of the founders of the Astronomical Society in 1820 and served in high office in it.
    While he was still at Cambridge, in 1812, he had the first idea of calculating numerical tables by machinery. This was his first difference engine, which worked on the principle of repeatedly adding a common difference. He built a small model of an engine working on this principle between 1820 and 1822, and in July of the latter year he read an enthusiastically received note about it to the Astronomical Society. The following year he was awarded the Society's first gold medal. He submitted details of his invention to Sir Humphry Davy, President of the Royal Society; the Society reported favourably and the Government became interested, and following a meeting with the Chancellor of the Exchequer Babbage was awarded a grant of £1,500. Work proceeded and was carried on for four years under the direction of Joseph Clement.
    In 1827 Babbage went abroad for a year on medical advice. There he studied foreign workshops and factories, and in 1832 he published his observations in On the Economy of Machinery and Manufactures. While abroad, he received the news that he had been appointed Lucasian Professor of Mathematics at Cambridge University. He held the Chair until 1839, although he neither resided in College nor gave any lectures. For this he was paid between £80 and £90 a year! Differences arose between Babbage and Clement. Manufacture was moved from Clement's works in Lambeth, London, to new, fireproof buildings specially erected by the Government near Babbage's house in Dorset Square, London. Clement made a large claim for compensation and, when it was refused, withdrew his workers as well as all the special tools he had made up for the job. No work was possible for the next fifteen months, during which Babbage conceived the idea of his "analytical engine". He approached the Government with this, but it was not until eight years later, in 1842, that he received the reply that the expense was considered too great for further backing and that the Government was abandoning the project. This was in spite of the demonstration and perfectly satisfactory operation of a small section of the analytical engine at the International Exhibition of 1862. It is said that the demands made on manufacture in the production of his engines had an appreciable influence in improving the standard of machine tools, whilst similar benefits accrued from his development of a system of notation for the movements of machine elements. His opposition to street organ-grinders was a notable eccentricity; he estimated that a quarter of his mental effort was wasted by the effect of noise on his concentration.
    [br]
    Principal Honours and Distinctions
    FRS 1816. Astronomical Society Gold Medal 1823.
    Bibliography
    Babbage wrote eighty works, including: 1864, Passages from the Life of a Philosopher.
    July 1822, Letter to Sir Humphry Davy, PRS, on the Application of Machinery to the purpose of calculating and printing Mathematical Tables.
    Further Reading
    1961, Charles Babbage and His Calculating Engines: Selected Writings by Charles Babbage and Others, eds Philip and Emily Morrison, New York: Dover Publications.
    IMcN

    Biographical history of technology > Babbage, Charles

Страницы

См. также в других словарях:

  • Manufacture du textile en Grande Bretagne — L’un des premiers développements de la Révolution industrielle était les changements dans l’industrie du textile en Grande Bretagne. L’évolution de la Révolution industrielle a commencé par une croissance de la production du textile qui s’est… …   Wikipédia en Français

  • invention — Synonyms and related words: Nachtmusik, absolute music, adaptation, air varie, aleatory, aleatory music, apparition, arrangement, artifact, authorship, beginning, brainchild, breakthrough, bringing to light, bubble, canard, casual discovery,… …   Moby Thesaurus

  • manufacture — Synonyms and related words: anatomy, architectonics, architecture, arrangement, artifact, assemble, assembly, basic training, brainchild, briefing, build, building, cast, casting, child, clearing the decks, coinage, compose, composition, compound …   Moby Thesaurus

  • Histoire du gaz manufacturé — L Histoire du gaz manufacturé se rapporte à la période qui a précédé l avènement de l électricité, où les villes furent éclairées et ensuite chauffées par des gaz manufacturés, c est à dire fabriqués par « distillation » dans des usines …   Wikipédia en Français

  • Textile manufacture during the Industrial Revolution — With the establishment of overseas colonies, the British Empire at the end of the 17th century/beginning of the 18th century had a vast source of raw materials and a vast market for manufactured goods. The manufacture of goods was performed on a… …   Wikipedia

  • Science and invention in Birmingham — Birmingham is the second largest city in the United Kingdom. It is one of the country s principal industrial centres and has an impressive history of industrial and scientific innovation.16th century1547: Although no record is kept to indicate… …   Wikipedia

  • Gaz manufacturé — Article principal : Gaz combustible. Les gaz manufacturés désignent des gaz qui ont été fabriqués à partir de 1785, date de leur invention, dans des usines à gaz. Ils sont utilisés d abord comme gaz d éclairage, par la suite comme… …   Wikipédia en Français

  • SAVONNERIE (MANUFACTURE DE LA) — SAVONNERIE MANUFACTURE DE LA Au début du XVIIe siècle, Pierre Dupont (lequel prétendait avoir inventé la technique des tapis veloutés de haute laine alors qu’elle existait bien avant lui), obtint d’Henri IV le privilège d’établir un atelier de… …   Encyclopédie Universelle

  • National Research Development Corporation v Commissioner of Patents (1959) 102 CLR 252 — The NRDC case has been important in clarifying what is meant by ‘manner of manufacture’ in respects of patent applications. The references to the Patents Act in this case refer to the Australian Patents Act 1952 (Cth) which was later repealed by… …   Wikipedia

  • Baekeland, Leo Hendrik — ▪ American chemist born Nov. 14, 1863, Ghent died Feb. 23, 1944, Beacon, N.Y., U.S.       U.S. industrial chemist who helped found the modern plastics (plastic) industry through his invention of Bakelite, the first thermosetting plastic (a… …   Universalium

  • Shelbyville, Illinois — Geobox|Settlement name = Shelbyville native name = other name = category = City etymology = official name = motto = nickname = image caption = symbol = country = United States state = Illinois region = Shelby region type = County district =… …   Wikipedia

Поделиться ссылкой на выделенное

Прямая ссылка:
… Нажмите правой клавишей мыши и выберите «Копировать ссылку»